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FMT治疗难辨梭状芽孢杆菌感染研究现状

2015-01-07 孙刚 中华医学信息导报

难辨梭状芽孢杆菌(CD)为革兰阳性厌氧芽孢杆菌,其孢子可通过粪-口途径引起外源性感染,也可以在大量抗生素药物使用后由肠道栖生的CD引起内源性感染,引起发热、腹痛、腹泻为主要症状的难辨梭状芽孢杆菌相关性腹泻(CDAD)或难辨梭状芽孢杆菌感染(CDI),其临床表现可从轻度的自限性腹泻到严重的伪膜性肠炎,在老年人及有严重基础疾病患者中可导致死亡。 2000年以来,CDI/CDAD在许多国家的发生率明显

难辨梭状芽孢杆菌(CD)为革兰阳性厌氧芽孢杆菌,其孢子可通过粪-口途径引起外源性感染,也可以在大量抗生素药物使用后由肠道栖生的CD引起内源性感染,引起发热、腹痛、腹泻为主要症状的难辨梭状芽孢杆菌相关性腹泻(CDAD)或难辨梭状芽孢杆菌感染(CDI),其临床表现可从轻度的自限性腹泻到严重的伪膜性肠炎,在老年人及有严重基础疾病患者中可导致死亡。

2000年以来,CDI/CDAD在许多国家的发生率明显上升,成为全球关注问题。多数学者认为,抗生素的使用打破了肠道微生态系统平衡,导致肠道菌群失调,这是引起CDI/CDAD发生和发展的基础。肠道菌群是人体重要的微生态系统,相当于人体的一个重要器官。肠道微生态的改变与CDI/CDAD的关联日益受到重视,其临床应用价值也备受关注,肠道微生态可以作为治疗CDI/CDAD的新靶点。

何为粪微生态移植

粪微生态移植(FMT)是指将健康人粪便中的功能菌群移植到患者胃肠道内,重建具有正常功能的肠道菌群,实现肠道及肠道外疾病的诊疗。据有关文献显示,我国的FMT始于2700年前。有越来越多的动物实验及临床试验研究FMT对各种疾病的治疗作用,但最大的突破当属FMT治疗CDI的研究。

FMT相关研究进展

2012年,Hamilton等报道用标准化冻存粪便治疗复发型CDI,一共治疗了43例CDI患者,总成功率为95%,这标志着FMT向人工制备转化。另一项多中心长期随访研究表明,FMT治疗复发性CDI患者的治愈率高达98%。对于重型CDI,84%的患者在首次接受FMT后症状获得缓解,且90d内无复发,复发时92%的患者接受再次FMT治疗后仍可获得治愈。治疗复发性难辨梭状芽胞杆菌027亚型感染,1次FMT即可达到100%的治愈率。

目前普遍认为,导致CDI难以控制的一个重要原因是抗生素的滥用导致肠道菌群紊乱。研究显示,复发型CDI患者肠道内硬壁菌门和拟杆菌门的数量有所减少,而FMT可修复抗生素引发的肠道菌群紊乱,并可持续维持正常菌群结构。人体正常的肠道微生物群落主要由细菌、真核生物等构成,其中99%都不能通过传统方法培养。FMT后,患者排泄物菌群多样性增加(与健康供体相似),拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、梭菌(Clostridium)菌群Ⅳ和Ⅺ Va、变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)种类均增多。

FMT临床应用现状

尽管FMT无论从其外表还是内在实质,人们均需要逐步接受,但多数患者愿意接受该治疗方案,尤其在临床医师的指导下。对CDAD患者的调查显示,97%的患者认为如果病情复发,愿意接受FMT治疗,53%患者愿意将FMT而不是抗生素作为治疗该病复发的首选。目前报道的FMT不良反应主要为多数患者在移植后第一天会出现腹泻,少部分患者有嗳气、发热和腹痛等症状,通常这些症状在治疗后2d内逐渐缓解。Brandt等在一项随访调查中发现,复发型CDI患者接受FMT治疗后无明显不良反应,大量临床实践均表明,FMT相对较安全,尚未发现严重的不良反应。最新研究显示,利用口服冻存粪微生态胶囊制剂治疗复发性CDI患者,能够在有效缓解CDI患者腹泻的同时,没有任何恶心、呕吐等不良反应,治疗过程简单、经济,患者易于接受。

2013年,首项FMT治疗复发性CDI的临床对照研究证明,FMT的疗效显著优于万古霉素(缓解率94%与23%~31%)。同年,FMT被美国食品药品监督管理局列入CDI的治疗指南中,明确规定对反复3次发作的CDI患者,应考虑使用FMT治疗。目前已明确,FMT是一种治疗复发性CDI的安全、无明显不良反应且疗效很好的方案。

小结:FMT虽然在我国历史悠久,但最近才在世界兴起,还有许多问题没有阐明。供体的选择标准、移植物制备标准、移植途径、潜在风险、治疗机制、移植时机长期疗效等,都还没有循证医学依据和明确答案。面对肠道微生态失调应用FMT,并不是新的技术,可以说是用一个古老的、未知的方法,来治疗一个极其复杂的、目前尚缺乏了解的微生态失衡的临床棘手问题。

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