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尿常规蛋白阴性而尿微量白蛋白测定高值,原因竟是......

2022-07-08 陈光辉 张福明 杨梦然 河南省人民医院检验科 “检验医学”公众号

实际工作中我们时常会碰到两者结果不一致的情况,这就要求我们具体情况具体分析,以保证结果的准确性。

前 言

尿常规和尿微量白蛋白测定常用于检测尿液中是否含有蛋白,临床医生评估肾脏损伤时常同时开具此两项检查。两者检测的均为尿液中的白蛋白,但原理有所不同(尿常规采用干化学法,尿微量白蛋白常采用比浊法)。实际工作中我们时常会碰到两者结果不一致的情况,这就要求我们具体情况具体分析,以保证结果的准确性。

案例经过

患者,男,22岁,以“系统性红斑狼疮”至我院肾内科门诊就诊。为评估患者肾脏受损情况,接诊医生同时开具了尿常规检测和尿微量白蛋白测定。患者遂至检验科同时留取2管尿标本进行检测,1管在体液室进行尿常规检测,另1管送至免疫室进行尿微量白蛋白测定。

在审核尿微量白蛋白测定结果时,发现其明显升高,达1810.2mg/L。查询其尿常规结果,却发现尿干化学蛋白阴性。为确定尿干化学蛋白结果的准确性,再次进行了尿常规复测,发现蛋白仍为阴性,同时排除了假阴性的可能。

因尿微量白蛋白测定的敏感性高于尿干化学蛋白测定,因此在肾脏损伤的早期尿微量白蛋白轻度升高而尿常规蛋白阴性也合乎常理,平常工作中也碰到过这种情况,但此患者尿微量白蛋白如此之高而尿蛋白阴性的情况却很少遇到。因此,高度怀疑尿微量白蛋白结果为假阳性。于是,首先检查此尿液标本,发现尿液呈现浑浊外观,见下图:

考虑到尿微量白蛋白测定采用的是比浊法,因此怀疑尿液浊度的增加导致了尿微量白蛋白测定假阳性。将此标本3500r/min离心5min,发现底部有白色沉淀形成,同时上层液体变清亮:

离心后标本再次上机进行检测,发现尿微量白蛋白测定结果变为阴性(0.9mg/L),验证了首次检测结果为尿液浊度增加导致的假阳性。

为搞清楚白色沉淀为何种物质,首先将沉淀置于显微镜下观察,发现大片结晶:

未染色,X400倍

结合尿液pH值(7.5)、沉淀为白色及镜下所见,考虑磷酸盐结晶可能性较大。为进一步验证,后续进行了加热试验、滴加醋酸及氢氧化钾,发现加热或滴加氢氧化钾沉淀并未消失,而滴加醋酸后沉淀消失。综合判断,此沉淀为磷酸盐结晶,尿液浑浊为磷酸盐结晶所致,从而导致了尿微量白蛋白测定假阳性。

案例分析

尿常规干化学法测定尿蛋白采用pH指示剂蛋白质误差的原理,操作简便、快捷,适用于健康普查和临床筛检。干化学法测定尿蛋白主要检测尿液中的白蛋白,不同类型试纸条敏感度可有一定差异,一般为70~100mg/L。因尿常规无法检测出尿白蛋白的微小变化,于是发展形成了尿微量白蛋白测定。尿微量白蛋白是指尿中白蛋白含量超出健康人参考区间,但不能用常规方法检测出这种微量的变化,可反映早期肾损伤。

目前国内常用的尿微量白蛋白测定方法有免疫标记法和免疫比浊法,较多采用免疫比浊法。我们科室采用的即为免疫比浊法,白蛋白和特异性抗体相结合形成不溶性免疫复合物,使反应液产生浊度变化,其浊度高低反映尿液样品中白蛋白的含量。因此,凡影响尿液浊度者均有可能影响尿微量白蛋白测定结果,造成假阳性,比如结晶尿、乳糜尿等。

尿常规和尿微量白蛋白虽检测的是同一种物质,但尿微量白蛋白测定的敏感度要高于尿干化学蛋白测定,因此,尿微量白蛋白轻度升高而尿干化学蛋白阴性的情况合乎常理。但本病例首次尿微量白蛋白测定结果高达1810.2mg/L,远远超过了尿干化学蛋白的检出限,在排除尿常规蛋白假阴性的前提下,这样的结果似乎不合常理,因此,我们要去分析尿微量白蛋白假阳性的可能性,而尿液浑浊的外观给了我们提示。

尿液中存在多种晶体物质,一般情况下他们都处于溶解状态。当尿液中某溶质浓度超过其在溶解度时,会以结晶的形式析出形成结晶尿,结晶含量达到一定程度时尿液会呈现浑浊外观,进而影响比浊法的检测结果。结晶的析出与尿液pH、温度、盐类浓度密切相关。

常见结晶来源于食物、药物和盐类代谢,可分为生理性结晶、病理性结晶及药物结晶,可通过尿液pH、离心后沉淀颜色、镜下形态特征及溶解实验对结晶进行鉴别。磷酸盐结晶包括非晶形磷酸盐、磷酸铵镁、磷酸钙等,常可在碱性尿或近中性尿中见到,为尿液的正常成分。结合镜下所见,此病例磷酸盐结晶应为非晶形磷酸盐结晶,该结晶镜下为无固定形态的颗粒状,加热不溶,不溶于氢氧化钾,加醋酸和盐酸可溶解,离心沉淀呈灰白色,一般无临床意义。

总 结

作为检验工作者,日常工作中应及时发现并排除影响检测结果的干扰因素。现阶段,免疫比浊法应用于很多检验项目的检测,但影响标本浊度变化的因素会干扰比浊法的检测结果,造成假阳性,因此审核阳性结果时我们应观察标本外观,以避免假阳性报告的发出。

参考文献:

[1] 丛玉隆,马俊龙,张时民.实用尿液分析技术与临床[M].人民卫生出版社,2013.

[2] 闫立志.尿液有形成分图谱新解及病例分析[J].湖南科学技术出版社,2019.

[3]罗春丽.临床检验基础[M].人民卫生出版社,2010.

[4]尚红,王毓三,申子瑜.全国临床检验操作规程第4版[M].人民卫生出版社,2015.

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    2022-10-12 丁鹏鹏
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    2022-07-10 zy&kt

    👍

    0

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    2022-07-10 珙桐
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