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如何识别肝素诱导的血小板减少症

2020-05-22 段唐海 检验医学网

肝素和低分子肝素作为抗凝剂在临床上应用广泛,例如经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)、心脑血管外科手术、体外循环、血液透析、动静脉导管留置等治疗和操作。

肝素和低分子肝素作为抗凝剂在临床上应用广泛,例如经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)、心脑血管外科手术、体外循环、血液透析、动静脉导管留置等治疗和操作。出血是肝素治疗过程中最常见的并发症。然而,少数患者在使用肝素抗凝治疗时,出现以血小板计数降低、血栓形成、皮肤坏死为主要临床表现的药物不良反应,称为肝素诱导的血小板减少症(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)。HIT可引起致命性的血栓栓塞并发症,包括肺栓塞、坏疽、急性心肌梗死及脑卒中等。HIT发病率为0.1%~5%,其中约50%的患者有合并血栓形成的风险,病死率高达10%~30%。由于HIT发病率并不低,死亡率却很高,因此,能够尽早诊断并及时处理尤为重要。

注射低分子肝素后出现下肢皮肤坏死

HIT分为两种类型:Ⅰ型为非免疫介导的,无需停用肝素制剂,血小板即可自行恢复。Ⅱ型即目前文献中和临床上通常所说的HIT,为免疫介导的抗体反应。患者在应用肝素类药物后血小板被激活,产生血小板第4因子(PF4),PF4与肝素形成PF4-肝素复合物(PF4-H),PF4-H复合物激活免疫系统,诱导体内产生抗PF4-H抗体(即HIT抗体)。HIT抗体主要类型为IgG(少量为IgM和IgA),与PF4-H结合形成大分子复合物IgG-PF4-H,能大量结合血小板表面特异性IgG抗体的受体(FcγRIIa),使血小板持续活化形成微血栓。同时,HIT抗体还可与血管内皮细胞、单核细胞表面受体结合,释放组织因子,激活凝血途径,产生大量凝血酶,导致血管内血栓形成。

HIT的诊断主要包括两个方面:一是临床可能性评估,最常用的方法为4T′s法,在初步判断 HIT 的可能性、是否需要停用肝素类抗凝药物、是否需要进一步行实验室检查方面非常重要。二是实验室检查,包括血小板计数、HIT抗体检测和血小板功能试验,是在临床可能性评估基础上进一步确诊HIT的方法。

HIT诊断流程

一、4T′s评分

4T′s评分,即分别从血小板减少的程度(thrombocytopenia,T)、血小板减少出现的时间(timing,T)、血栓形成类型(thrombosis,T),以及是否存在其他导致血小板减少的原因(other cause,T) 4个方面进行评分。每一项都有相应的分值,分值在 6~8分之间为高度可能;在 4~5分之间为中度可能;在 0~3 分之间为低度可能。如果为低度可能,基本可以排除 HIT,如果为中度以上可能,则需要进行实验室检查进一步确诊。4T′s评分虽然敏感性高,但是特异性低,常常导致HIT过度诊断。

二、血小板计数

血小板计数减少是HIT患者最主要的临床表现,通常在肝素治疗5~10天出现血小板计数下降超过基线值的50%(见于90% HIT患者),但很少低于20×109/L。所有接受肝素治疗的患者在用药前都应常规检查全血细胞计数,在肝素应用过程中应复查血常规,及时观察血红蛋白含量(评估出血风险)和血小板计数(评估HIT风险)的变化。临床上能够引起血小板降低的因素很多,诊断HIT时需要与其他因素鉴别,例如:血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)、免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)、药物或感染所致的血小板减少、EDTA诱导的血小板假性减低、多种混杂因素所致的血小板减少等。

三、HIT抗体检测

HIT抗体检测包括混合抗体(IgG、IgA、IgM)和IgG特异性抗体检测。HIT 混合抗体诊断特异性较低,但敏感性较高,仅可用于排除诊断;IgG 特异性抗体诊断的特异性高,在设定合理临界值的基础上,结合临床评估可实现诊断。有条件的单位,对于中、高度临床可能性(6~8分)患者,优先检测IgG 特异性抗体。目前,已有商品化的HIT抗体检测试剂盒,常用的检测方法包括:酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、微粒凝胶免疫测定(PaGIA)、侧流免疫层析法(LFIA)和化学发光法(CLIA)等。ELISA无需特殊仪器设备,可在普通实验室开展检测,适合批量样本的检测。有研究结果显示IgG 特异性的化学发光法敏感性和特异性均较高,其诊断特异性优于IgG 特异性的ELISA法,能进一步提高疑似患者的诊断准确性。

四、血小板功能试验

血小板功能试验主要检测血小板的聚集、活化及脱颗粒情况。这一检测手段因为关注的是活化的血小板功能,所以特异性和灵敏性均很高。常用的方法有碳14-血清素释放试验(5-羟色胺释放试验)(SRA)和肝素诱导的血小板活化试验(HIPA)等。SRA因极高的敏感性及特异性,被视为 HIT诊断的“金标准”。然而该实验操作复杂耗时,且需要使用放射性同位素以及健康人捐献的血小板,目前仅有极少数实验室可开展检测。

HIT患者一经诊断或高度怀疑应立即停用肝素类药物,及早进行替代性抗凝治疗,可选用阿加曲班、比伐芦定、磺达肝癸钠、重组水蛭素等。HIT患者虽然血小板减少,但是出血风险很小。因此,不建议预防性输注血小板,以免增加血栓风险。然而,对于血小板严重减少的HIT患者或者在出血风险极高的介入性操作期间,可在有效监测的前提下,适当输注血小板。此外,血浆置换可以缓解临床症状,降低血栓风险。

肝素作为抗凝剂在临床上发挥重要作用,随着临床对肝素的认识逐渐深入,HIT因其具有很高的致残率和死亡率逐渐受到重视。由于HIT风险评分系统的阳性预测价值仍不高,国内开展HIT抗体检测的临床实验室不多,血小板功能试验受诸多条件限制,HIT仍然是一个极具挑战性的临床问题。这就需要临床医生和我们检验人员积累经验,突破壁垒,让HIT的诊治更加规范、及时。

 

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    2021-08-25 413424595

    学习!

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    2021-06-06 shengdai3

    学习了!

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    2020-09-14 辣妈

    学习了

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    2020-08-10 1351fe5ef3m

    👍学习了

    0

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