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Stroke:脑小血管疾病,氧气代谢压力和白质损伤密切相关

2022-01-11 Freeman MedSci原创

分水岭地区的慢性缺氧缺血可能有助于脑小血管疾病的发病机制和WMH的发展

痴呆症是全球最重要的公共卫生危机之一。血管导致的认知障碍和痴呆是仅次于阿尔茨海默病的第二大痴呆原因,包括多种脑血管病症。神经影像学终点已被用来衡量脑小血管疾病(CSVD)造成的损伤,包括白质密度过高(WMH)、腔隙性中风、脑微出血、萎缩、血管周围空间扩大以及微结构完整性受损的扩散张量成像(DTI)指标。

WMH是CSVD的一个有价值的影像学生物标志物,因为它们易于识别、普遍存在,并与临床终点密切相关,包括发生中风、中风后遗症、认知障碍和全因死亡率。此外,微结构完整性受损的DTI指标,包括低各向异性(FA)和高平均扩散率(MD),可预测正常外观的WM(NAWM)转化为WMH。

尽管WMH可能有多种病因,但主要是随着年龄的增长和高血压的发生而观察到。虽然脑血管风险因素与WMH有关,但WMH的大部分变异仍然难以确定。先前的研究表明,慢性灌注不足、脑血管反应性受损和血脑屏障渗漏起了作用;

然而,人群研究的结果是相互矛盾的。高血压改变了脑血管的结构,导致动脉粥样硬化和脂质软化,这反过来可能导致慢性低灌注和缺血。目前,人们对WMH的病理生理学仍然知之甚少,在控制血压的适度作用之外,还缺乏有效的预防策略。

疾病的空间模式可能为CSVD的病理生理学提供启示。值得注意的是,WMH偏向于脑室周围和深部白质(WM),这一区域与大脑内边界区重叠。

先前的工作表明,脑血流最低点的区域可能容易出现WMH。虽然内部边界区在解剖学上被定义,但由灌注定义的分水岭区域还没有被描述。

藉此, 华盛顿大学医学院的Peter Kang等人,测量了CBF以划定生理分水岭。此外,还研究了CSVD患者的区域CBF和氧提取分数(OEF),重点是WM和生理性分水岭区域。

核心假设分水岭区域有最高密度的WMH和受损的微结构完整性,并与最高的OEF升高有关。并进一步假设,WMH周围的NAWM将显示OEF升高,这表明缺氧-缺血可能在WMH发展之前。

在这项于2016年至2019年在密苏里州圣路易斯的一个学术医疗中心进行的横断面研究中,具有一系列脑血管危险因素的参与者(年龄大于50岁)接受了脑磁共振成像,使用假连续动脉自旋标记(pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling)、不对称自旋回波( asymmetric spin echo)、FLAIR和扩散张量成像,分别测量脑血流(CBF)、OEF、WMH和WM完整性。

他们将生理分水岭(physiologic watershed )定义为年轻健康人群中CBF低于平均WM CBF的第10百分位的区域。并进行了线性回归,以评估CBF和OEF与结构和微观WM损伤之间的关系,这些损伤分别由流体衰减反转恢复WMH和弥散张量成像定义。最后进行了方差分析以确定OEF是否在靠近WMH病变的地方增加。

他们发现:在42人的队列中(50-80岁),生理分水岭区域与WMH病变密度最高的区域在空间上重叠。随着CBF的减少和OEF的增加,WMH密度也在增加。

在调整了血管风险因素后,流域OEF的升高与更大的WMH负担和微结构破坏有关。

相反,WM和流域CBF与WMH负担或微结构破坏无关。此外,在接近WMH病变的同心圆内,OEF逐渐增加而CBF减少。

该研究的重要意义在于发现了:分水岭地区的慢性缺氧缺血可能有助于脑小血管疾病的发病机制和WMH的发展。分水岭OEF可能作为一种成像生物标志物,用于识别有脑小血管疾病进展风险的个体。


原文出处:
[Kang P, Ying C, Chen Y, Ford AL, An H, Lee JM. Oxygen Metabolic Stress and White Matter Injury in Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Stroke. Published online December 10, 2021:STROKEAHA.121.035674. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035674](https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035674)

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J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: 脑小血管病是抗凝治疗患者发生脑出血的促成因素

在服用抗凝药物的患者中,SVD是ICH的一个促成因素,并提示抗凝不再被视为ICH的充分“原因”。

Brain:中风、疲劳、冷漠、痴呆……这些脑小血管病症状都与炎症有关!

这些发现强调了血浆sTREM2作为小血管疾病相关的白质损伤的强大预测标记物的潜在效用,并在治疗这种疾病时对靶向先天免疫反应具有临床意义。

拓展阅读

【论著】脑小血管病患者肌肉质量与运动功能的相关性分析

本研究拟探讨该类患者肌肉质量的变化对运动功能及其对跌倒的影响。

stroke:社会心理健康与大脑小血管疾病标志物与痴呆症之间的关系——ARIC研究

在具有强大中年社会关系的参与者中,与 CSVD 相关的痴呆风险升高可能会降低。

stroke:CADA-PRO——测量 CADASIL 患者主要认知、运动、情感和行为结果的患者调查问卷

CADASIL 患者报告结果可能是未来 cSVD 试验中衡量患者报告结果的创新工具。

【病例报告】HTRA丝氨酸肽酶1基因杂合突变相关脑小血管病一例

本研究总结1例HTRA1基因杂合突变相关CSVD患者的临床资料、影像学表现,以期为神经科医师对该病的认识及临床诊疗提供参考。

综述|脑小血管病影像学标志物与认知功能障碍相关性研究进展

本文对CSVD各影像标志物的基本特点及与认知功能的关系进行综述,并进一步对二者的机制进行阐述,以提高临床医生对CSVD的早期诊断及认识。

【综述】视网膜病变与脑小血管病相关性研究进展

作者从视网膜病变概述、视网膜病变与CSVD危险因素和视网膜病变与CSVD三方面进行了综述。

脑小血管病国际影像标准2更新要点解读

国家神经疾病医学中心 · 2023-10-20

中国脑小血管病诊治专家共识2021

中国研究型医院学会(CRHA,Chinese Research Hospital Association) · 2021-07-25

脑小血管病相关认知功能障碍中国诊疗指南(2019)

中华医学会老年医学分会 · 2019-04-20

脑小血管病转化医学研究中国专家共识

中国神经内科相关专家小组(统称) · 2018-08-30

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