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急诊出诊的10个“陷阱”,你掉过几个?

2017-08-04 何金山 医学界心血管频道

急诊出诊时,我们会碰到很多的缓慢性心律失常患者,可能是良性的窦缓,也可能是“恶性”的三度,不同患者需要不同处理,处理恰当,可使患者迅速得到合理诊治,处理不当,轻者延误诊治,重者可危及患者生命。

急诊出诊时,我们会碰到很多的缓慢性心律失常患者,可能是良性的窦缓,也可能是“恶性”的三度,不同患者需要不同处理,处理恰当,可使患者迅速得到合理诊治,处理不当,轻者延误诊治,重者可危及患者生命。

下面分享临床中碰到的“10大陷阱”,权当抛砖引玉,和大家一起学习。

陷阱1

“医生,她在家晕倒了,但是现在没有任何不舒服了,你们急诊人这么多,环境这么差,可以不可以让我把病人带回家了?”

这可能是急诊医生被问得最多的问题,在没有看医生之前,患者和家属都特别着急,在看了医生之后,患者和家属还是特别着急,看病前着急是不愿意等,看病后着急是不愿意留观想回家,虽说医院不是个服务性机构,但很多患者绝对比上帝还上帝。

此时绝不能听信患者暂时性症状好转就没问题的言论,因很多心律失常导致的症状,如头晕、黑曚、短暂性意识丧失等均是短暂发作的,多数时候是没有症状的,但这些患者有发生心脏停搏或猝死的风险,所以必须留观,待明确诊断或除外严重心律失常后,才能考虑“放患者回家”。

陷阱2

“患者因为头晕伴心悸来的,但是心电图完全正常,TNI也没事,别的病史我不太记得了,我确信这个患者什么问题!”

更多时候,这样的问题来自患者,医生你看,我现在心电图正常,心脏超声正常,化验检查也没事,就有点头晕、心悸,你怎么大费周章,又查这个又查那个?


图1:窦性心动过缓,心率57次/分,其余未见明显异常。

其实,对于发作不频繁的心律失常,就像幽灵一样,飘忽不定,转瞬即逝,前一分钟还是正常窦性心律(图1),下一分钟就变成了骇然的三度房室传导阻滞了(图2),而且,在这些患者中,否认既往心脏病史,心脏结构大致正常者并不少见。


图2:三度房室传导阻滞,可见明显房室分离,P波和QRS波完全无关。

陷阱3

“患者第一次发生晕厥,原来从没有发生过,所以我没有翻看他既往心电图记录”。

对于晕厥患者,寻找晕厥潜在病因至关重要,这直接关乎患者的预后和治疗,血管迷走性晕厥者预后良好,生活方式指导、避免诱因等常为初始治疗,而心源性晕厥,发作突然,可导致猝死,相对危重。


图3:患者基础心电图,除了窦缓外,可见明显的预激波。


图4:严重窦缓,心室率仅35次/分左右。

在晕厥病因识别中,既往心电图具有重要价值,一定仔细查看,比如基础心电图发现预激波(图3),则晕厥可能由房颤沿旁路快速前传引起;甚至部分患者基础心电图已经提示严重窦缓(图4)、二度II型房室传导阻滞、三度房室传导阻滞等改变(图2)。

陷阱4

“患者已经三度房室传导阻滞了,我只顾着看心律失常,忘记看ST段了”。

这是典型的忙中出错,疾病的诊治需要系统性,心电图也一样,包括基础心律、心率、P波、QRS波及ST段均要兼顾得当。

心动过缓在急性心肌梗死患者中并不少见,尤其下壁心肌梗死,容易合并窦缓、三度房室传导阻滞等,在这类患者中,尤其患有胸闷、胸痛主诉者,一定不能只见三度,不见心梗,因处理心动过缓而耽误了心肌梗死血运重建的时机。

陷阱5

“患者因为晕厥来的,现在心电图提示二度II型房室传导阻滞,多数P波还能下传心室,现在没有不舒服症状,可以再观察观察”。

二度II型房室传导阻滞和二度I型房室传递到阻滞不同,其阻滞部位更低,因而进展为完全性房室传导阻滞风险极大,也引起阻滞部位低,进展为完全性房室传导阻滞后代偿的次级节律点不稳定且极其缓慢,容易继发室颤等恶性心律失常。

二度II型的患者可能没有加重时没有不适症状,但因其进展为三度可能性大,且后果严重,建议明确诊断后,及时植入起搏器治疗,这里植入起搏器,不仅是为了缓解症状,更是为了预防猝死。

陷阱6

“患者来看心动过缓的,为什么问近期有无外出、旅行史?”

要知道,感染不只是表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、尿频、尿急、腹痛、腹泻这些常见的症状,一些特殊的感染也可累及心脏传导系统,表现为心动过缓,如锥形虫感染导致的Chages病和螺旋体感染导致的Lyme病,在全球可累及到1000万人之多。

所以对于新发的缓慢性心律失常,了解有无近期去过上述疾病流行地区,有无蜱虫叮咬等,对诊断具有一定意义。

陷阱7

“患者心动过缓和左上肢造瘘能有什么关系?”

人体是个精密的机器,各个器官和系统不是相互独立的,他们之间每时每刻都在互相影响,发生着千丝万缕的联系,心肾也是如此。

长期血液透析的患者,容易发生钾代谢紊乱,尤其高钾血症,可引起窦缓、窦停、房室传导阻滞在内的各种各样的心律失常(图5),因而对于造瘘、透析的患者,尤其需要明确有无电解质异常的问题。


图5:血液透析伴高钾血症患者心电图,可见窦停、室性逸搏。

陷阱8

“患者长期服用地高辛,近期未调整过剂量,应该不是地高辛导致的房室传导阻滞。”

同上,电解质和药物一直都是我们评估继发原因需要着重关注的问题,长期服用地高辛者,虽近期未更改剂量,但可能受到患者疾病状态、其他药物等的影响,因而对这类患者,一定完善地高辛血药浓度,明确是否存在地高辛中毒导致了缓慢性心律失常。

陷阱9

“患者年轻女性,既往没有心脏病史,心电图提示窦性心动过缓,45次/分,我实在找不到啥原因?”

心电图虽然叫做心电图,但是判读时不能只见心电图,不见疾病,更不能只见心脏,不见其他影响。

尤其对于年轻患者,心电图发现窦缓,一定把鉴别诊断的范围放宽,比如有无消化系统的问题等,有无血管迷走性晕厥等。

陷阱10

“患者老年女性,因为晕厥就诊,心电图提示严重窦缓,30次/分,考虑晕厥和此相关,没有评估患者外伤情况”。

急诊晕厥患者和常见,对于晕厥患者,尤其老年患者,晕厥本身的评估是一方面,晕厥后带来的继发性损伤,如晒伤导致颅内损伤、骨折等也是评估的重点,可能患者晕厥基础病因只是反射性晕厥或体位性低血压,但是摔伤却很重,此时决定预后的不是晕厥本身,而是晕厥带来的二级伤害。

此时指导患者如何识别晕厥先兆症状,如何采取保护性动作避免摔伤显得尤为重要,尤其需要告知患者避免驾驶及从事其他高危活动。

临床处处是陷阱,时时如履薄冰,缓慢性心律失常同样如此。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763646, encodeId=cb8f1e63646e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38ef31483b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#出诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31483, encryptionId=38ef31483b3, topicName=出诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=14ab37545452, createdName=thinkibmz_44722606, createdTime=Thu Jun 14 02:36:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230678, encodeId=91fb2306e8a5, content=好文,值得点赞,更值得收藏!慢慢领会学习的。给点个赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 09:54:38 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230246, encodeId=02802302469c, content=非常好,一起学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Sat Aug 05 07:44:51 CST 2017, time=2017-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229946, encodeId=4950229946e2, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 11:14:53 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229903, encodeId=c54622990333, content=总结得非常好,实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:51:36 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229901, encodeId=721c22990160, content=优质资源,共同学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0LqDY57Aia0TOQByoJhNt3icm4sfukp500hLH6RHOpFdV01NbECtAV7s0qKpQPibyRukQAwAmqJU3X/0, createdBy=f91f1928792, createdName=九九消寒, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:46:01 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-06 ylzr123

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    0

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    2017-08-05 1391e9f2a7m

    非常好,一起学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763646, encodeId=cb8f1e63646e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38ef31483b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#出诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31483, encryptionId=38ef31483b3, topicName=出诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=14ab37545452, createdName=thinkibmz_44722606, createdTime=Thu Jun 14 02:36:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230678, encodeId=91fb2306e8a5, content=好文,值得点赞,更值得收藏!慢慢领会学习的。给点个赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 09:54:38 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230246, encodeId=02802302469c, content=非常好,一起学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Sat Aug 05 07:44:51 CST 2017, time=2017-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229946, encodeId=4950229946e2, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 11:14:53 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229903, encodeId=c54622990333, content=总结得非常好,实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:51:36 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229901, encodeId=721c22990160, content=优质资源,共同学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0LqDY57Aia0TOQByoJhNt3icm4sfukp500hLH6RHOpFdV01NbECtAV7s0qKpQPibyRukQAwAmqJU3X/0, createdBy=f91f1928792, createdName=九九消寒, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:46:01 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-04 flysky120

    非常好的文章

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763646, encodeId=cb8f1e63646e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38ef31483b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#出诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31483, encryptionId=38ef31483b3, topicName=出诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=14ab37545452, createdName=thinkibmz_44722606, createdTime=Thu Jun 14 02:36:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230678, encodeId=91fb2306e8a5, content=好文,值得点赞,更值得收藏!慢慢领会学习的。给点个赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 09:54:38 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230246, encodeId=02802302469c, content=非常好,一起学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Sat Aug 05 07:44:51 CST 2017, time=2017-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229946, encodeId=4950229946e2, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 11:14:53 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229903, encodeId=c54622990333, content=总结得非常好,实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:51:36 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229901, encodeId=721c22990160, content=优质资源,共同学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0LqDY57Aia0TOQByoJhNt3icm4sfukp500hLH6RHOpFdV01NbECtAV7s0qKpQPibyRukQAwAmqJU3X/0, createdBy=f91f1928792, createdName=九九消寒, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:46:01 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-04 lyh994

    总结得非常好,实用!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1763646, encodeId=cb8f1e63646e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38ef31483b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#出诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31483, encryptionId=38ef31483b3, topicName=出诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=14ab37545452, createdName=thinkibmz_44722606, createdTime=Thu Jun 14 02:36:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230678, encodeId=91fb2306e8a5, content=好文,值得点赞,更值得收藏!慢慢领会学习的。给点个赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Aug 06 09:54:38 CST 2017, time=2017-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230246, encodeId=02802302469c, content=非常好,一起学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Sat Aug 05 07:44:51 CST 2017, time=2017-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229946, encodeId=4950229946e2, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 11:14:53 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229903, encodeId=c54622990333, content=总结得非常好,实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:51:36 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229901, encodeId=721c22990160, content=优质资源,共同学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0LqDY57Aia0TOQByoJhNt3icm4sfukp500hLH6RHOpFdV01NbECtAV7s0qKpQPibyRukQAwAmqJU3X/0, createdBy=f91f1928792, createdName=九九消寒, createdTime=Fri Aug 04 09:46:01 CST 2017, time=2017-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-04 九九消寒

    优质资源,共同学习

    0

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