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儿童恶性血液病脐带血移植专家共识

2017-03-19 佚名 中华儿科杂志

1989年世界第1例脐带血移植获得成功,20世纪90年代初我国儿科医生相继拉开了脐带血移植临床研究与实践的序幕。近年的临床实践表明脐带血具有获得迅速、人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配型相合程度要求低、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)程度较轻的特点,脐带血不仅是有效的造血干细胞移植来源,而且有限的脐带血容量能够满足儿童的需要。为了规范我国脐带血移植在儿童恶性血液病的适应证和移植时机,为患儿推荐合适的脐带血供体和

1989年世界第1例脐带血移植获得成功,20世纪90年代初我国儿科医生相继拉开了脐带血移植临床研究与实践的序幕。近年的临床实践表明脐带血具有获得迅速、人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配型相合程度要求低、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)程度较轻的特点,脐带血不仅是有效的造血干细胞移植来源,而且有限的脐带血容量能够满足儿童的需要。为了规范我国脐带血移植在儿童恶性血液病的适应证和移植时机,为患儿推荐合适的脐带血供体和预处理方案,中华医学会儿科学分会血液学组在全国儿科造血干细胞移植登记和多中心数据总结的前提下,在儿童恶性血液病脐带血移植2010版推荐方案的基础上,参考美国血液与骨髓移植学会(ASBMT)指南、欧洲骨髓移植协作组(EBMT)指南的基础上,制订了体现中国特色的脐带血移植专家共识

一、脐带血移植在儿童恶性血液病中的适应证和移植时机

当具有某些特征的患儿采用非移植疗法预期效果很差,或者已有资料显示该类患儿接受移植的疗效优于非移植时,这类患儿具有移植的指征。

(一)急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)

1.第1次完全缓解(CR1)期患儿的移植,推荐用于以下高危患儿:

(1)诱导治疗结束后未达到骨髓CR者;

(2)伴有Ph染色体阳性ALL的患者,泼尼松反应不佳或化疗联合第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)治疗后反应差或微小残留病灶(MRD)监测仍高者;

(3)伴有MLL基因重排阳性,年龄<6个月且起病时白细胞计数≥300×109/L者;

(4)诱导2个疗程MRD≥0.1%者。

2.第2次完全缓解(CR2)期患儿的移植:

非单纯骨髓外复发,诊断30个月内复发,高、中危ALL诊断30个月后复发。

3.第3次完全缓解(CR3)期及以上:

所有患儿推荐移植。

4.挽救性移植:

对于难治、复发未缓解患儿,包括庇护所白血病不能缓解者,限于有经验的医院进行探讨性移植。

(二)急性髓系白血病(AML)

1.CR1期患儿的移植指征:

(1)具有不良细胞遗传学标记之一:①复杂核型[包括染色体易位在内的3种及以上异常,但不包括t(8;21)、inv(16)、t(16;16)等良好核型],②5号、7号染色体单体、5q-,③t(9;22),④MLL重排(除外MLL-AF9)、MLL-PTD,⑤12p/t(2;12)/ETV6-HOXD,⑥t(6;9)/DEK-NUP214或DEK-CAN,⑦t(7;12)/HLXB9-ETV6,⑧c-kit突变,⑨FLT3-ITD突变;

(2)具有细胞形态学特征:M0、M6、M7[除外合并Down's综合征及t(1;22)患儿];

(3)由骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)转化的AML或治疗相关的AML;

(4)治疗反应不良者:诱导治疗第1疗程后28 d骨髓幼稚细胞≥20%,2个疗程未达到CR1。

2.≥CR2的AML患儿。

3.未获得CR的AML:难治及复发性的各种类型AML,如果不能获得CR(包括髓外白血病不能缓解者),可以进行挽救性移植。

4.粒细胞肉瘤。

5.同胞全相合供体适用于所有非低危型AML。

(三)慢性髓系白血病(CML)

1.伊马替尼治疗失败的慢性期患儿。

2.伊马替尼治疗中或任何时候出现BCR-ABL基因T315I突变的患儿。

3.对TKI治疗反应欠佳、失败或不耐受的患儿。

4.加速期或急变期患儿建议进行移植,移植前首选化疗+TKI治疗,争取在患儿再次慢性期进行移植治疗。

5.新诊断的儿童和青年CML患儿,如果有配型较好的合适供体,也可以推荐进行移植。

(四) MDS

包括MDS及MDS和(或)骨髓增殖性肿瘤(MPN)。

1.MDS伴有严重中性粒细胞或血小板减少或输血依赖的患儿。

2.无输血依赖或未达到难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多(RAEB)和转变中难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多(RAEB-t)程度,伴有提示预后不良的染色体异常(如7号单体或复杂核型)的MDS。

3.伴有幼稚细胞比例增高的RAEB、RAEB-t。

4.慢性粒单核细胞白血病(CMML),不典型CML(BCR-ABL基因阴性)。

5.幼年型粒单核细胞白血病(JMML):①正常核型及伴有以下突变的JMML:K-RAS、PTPN-11、NF1及大部分N-RAS突变,②伴有CBL突变或小部分N-RAS突变(胎儿血红蛋白含量低、血小板计数高)的JMML出现疾病进展。

(五)霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)

自体移植失败的患儿。

(六)非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)

复发、难治或CR2患儿具有移植指征。

二、脐带血的选择

(一)脐带血HLA配型

1.推荐尽量开展高分辨供受体HLA配型,供受体HLA配型6/6位点完全相合首选,5/6、4/6位点相合也可依次选择。

2.建议进行HLA-C抗原检测,首选HLA-C相合供者。

3.移植前建议进行供者特异性抗HLA抗体(DSA)筛查,若DSA阳性,建议另选其他合适供者。

(二)脐带血细胞数量

1.单份脐带血移植:

脐带血所含的单个核细胞数(TNC)及CD34+细胞数直接影响脐带血的植入,原则上细胞数量越多越利于植入,为减少原发性植入失败的发生,建议按细胞数选择脐带血:原则上冷冻前脐带血CD34+细胞数>1.7×105/kg(受者体重),移植前脐带血小管复苏回收率≥85%;当供受者HLA配型6/6位点相合时,冷冻前TNC>3.0×107/kg (受者体重);供受者HLA配型5/6位点相合时,冷冻前TNC>4.0×107/kg(受者体重);供受者HLA配型4/6位点相合时,冷冻前TNC>5.0×107/kg (受者体重)。

2.双份脐带血移植:

对于体重比较大的年长儿,单份脐带血细胞数量不能满足以上的标准时,可以选择双份脐带血,否则不建议选择双份脐带血移植。选择双份脐带血参考标准为:

(1)每份脐带血冻融前的TNC≥1.5×107/kg;

(2)双份脐带血冻融前TNC总数至少达到单份脐带血移植标准;

(3)脐带血与受者的HLA配型至少为4个位点相合。

三、预处理方案

清髓预处理方案(MAC)常用的有经典及加强预处理方案(表1)。

表1  清髓预处理经典和加强的预处理方案


[注:Bu:白消安;Cy:环磷酰胺;TBI:全身辐照;Ara-C:阿糖胞苷;G-CSF:粒细胞集落刺激因子;Flu:氟达拉宾;BCNU:卡莫司汀;-代表移植前;a对于难治、复发患儿可根据移植条件及经验增加用量至总量12 g/m2;b仅用于急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿,BCNU可由相同剂量的Me-CCNU(司莫司汀)替代;c静脉应用白消安的剂量:<9 kg:1 mg/(kg·次),共16次;9~16 kg:1.2 mg/(kg·次),共16次;16~23 kg:1.1 mg/(kg·次),共16次;23~34 kg:0.95 mg/(kg·次),共16次;>34 kg:0.8 mg/(kg·次),共16次]

针对3岁以上的ALL患儿,有条件做全身辐照(TBI)的单位建议选择含TBI的预处理方案,其他的患儿可选择不含TBI的预处理方案。

四、脐带血移植相关的若干问题

(一)GVHD的防治

1.环孢素A(CsA)联合吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)预防GVHD:

(1)CsA:-1 d起,3~5 mg/(kg·d),每12小时1次,静脉滴注,维持血谷浓度为100~150 μg/L;24 h持续滴注维持血浓度为150~300 μg/L;患儿如无明显呕吐、腹泻则可尽早改为口服。

(2)MMF:+1 d~+30 d,25~30 mg/(kg·d),口服。

(3)高危患儿建议尽量在移植后3个月内减停免疫抑制剂,具体需根据GVHD严重程度、患儿状态及供者嵌合度进行调整;如无明显急性GVHD发生、完全嵌合,则可于+45 d后将CsA每周减1/5量直至停用;如不完全嵌合则需尽早停用免疫抑制剂。

2.发生植入前综合征时,建议加甲泼尼龙0.5~1.0 mg/(kg·d),待症状控制后每3天减半量。

3.GVHD的治疗:

(1)将甲泼尼龙加至1~2 mg/(kg·d),如效果不佳可选择加用其他免疫抑制剂。

(2)其他免疫抑制剂:他克莫司:0.05~0.10 mg/(kg·d),维持血谷浓度为10~15 μg/L。雷帕霉素:0.05 mg/(kg·d),维持血谷浓度为10~15 μg/L。抗CD25单抗:≥40 kg:20 mg/次,<40 kg:10 mg/次;第1、4天用,随后每周1次,再用4~5次。抗肿瘤坏死因子抗体:25 mg/(m2·次),每周2次,用4次,随后每周1次,再用2~4次。甲氨蝶呤:10 mg/(m2·次),每周1次,用4次。环磷酰胺:150~300 mg/(m2·次),每周1次,用4次。间充质干细胞输注:2×106/kg。

(二)造血重建

1.中性粒细胞植入:

中性粒细胞连续3 d≥0.5×109/L为粒细胞植入。

2.血小板植入:

血小板计数连续7 d≥20×109/L为血小板植入。

(三)植入失败

+42 d未植入者可诊断为原发植入失败,+21 d未达到中性粒细胞植入者需着手准备补救措施。

总之,脐带血移植是造血干细胞移植的方式之一,其疗效受多个环节影响,与移植的预处理强度、脐带血选择和患儿的病情、身体状况密切相关,群体规范化的同时,也需个体化处理。另外,为进一步提高儿童恶性血液病的长期存活率,需从诊断开始将患儿进行危险度分层,为患儿设计总体的治疗方案,在最恰当的时机接受移植治疗。

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    2018-07-13 1228d9e5m61暂无昵称

    可以自体移植么?

    0

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