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图解心衰诊断的标志物--BNP

2023-01-09 检验之声 检验之声 发表于安徽省

BNP升高有多种临床意义,除了提示可能有心衰外,还可能说明患者存在肺栓塞、肾功能不全如休克、大失血、肾小管间质病变、尿路梗阻等情况,体重和年龄也会对BNP产生影响。

利钠肽家族中的BNP和NT-proBNP是目前在心衰诊疗中应用最广泛的生物标志物,有助于急慢性心衰的诊断和鉴别、危险分层、疗效检测及预后评估,还有助于发现早期心衰患者、筛查心衰高危人群。深入研究这些标志物有助于阐明心衰的发病机制,更好地治疗心衰,改善心衰预后。

BNP是由日本学者Sudoh等人于1984年从猪脑组织中分离出并于1988年首先报道。因其最先从猪脑中分离,所以又称为脑钠素。后来随着研究进展,在心脏中亦分离出BNP。事实上BNP主要是心脏心室肌在心室的容量负荷和压力负荷增加时合成和分泌,且心脏分泌的BNP量多于脑,人们开始认识到心脏也是一种内分泌器官,因而称其为B型利钠肽比脑利钠肽更为合适。BNP广泛存在于心、肺、脑与脊髓等组织,其中心脏含量最高。心脏包含了BNP的两种形式proBNP-108和BNP-32,心房肌主要含BNP-32,而心室肌中主要为proBNP-108。二者均可分泌BNP,但释放的BNP主要来自于心室。在人脑中,BNP及其神经元主要集中在脑干、嗅区与下丘脑,在猪脑中则以尾状核、延脑、豆状核含量最高。[2]

02BNP的分子结构及代谢[2]

人体血浆中BNP的主要结构是含有特异性环状结构的32肽,具有一个分子内二硫键连接两个半胱氨酸组成的含17个氨基酸残基的环状中心结构。BNP的活性特别依赖其环状中心结构,人类BNP基因位于1号染色体短臂末端,包括3个外显子和2个内含子。BNP基因可转录为由1900个核苷酸组成的DNA互补链(cDNA),从而合成mRNA,再爆发式翻译为134个氨基酸组成的pre-proBNP,该多肽在蛋白酶的作用下迅速分解为一个26个氨基酸的信号肽和含有108个氨基酸肽的proBNP。随后,proBNP被Ⅱ型跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶分解为无活性的76氨基酸肽(脑尿钠肽前体的N末端)和具有内分泌活性的32氨基酸肽BNP。上述过程中表达后形成的pre-proBNP和pro-BNP不稳定,很快即分解。而BNP相对稳定,且被完全释放入血,浓度较高,半衰期较长,故临床应用中常检测BNP。

BNP主要有两种清除途径: 一是通过C型利钠肽受体介导的胞饮作用进入溶酶体,最终由细胞内的溶酶体降解,二是通过细胞膜表面的非特异的中性肽链内切酶打开BNP的环状结构失活而发挥对BNP的降解作用,此酶在肺脏特别是肾脏中浓度较高,故肾为BNP的主要清除器官。正常人BNP血浆半衰期约22min,清除时间大约为61min。

03BNP与NT-proBNP的关系

在看病时很多人发现自己的化验单上的指标并不是BNP,而是NT-proBNP,那么这二者有什么不同呢? 其实NT-proBNP和BNP是一对双胞胎,他们主要的区别在于分子结构、代谢途径、半衰期等几个方面。

表1:BNP与NT-proBNP的对比

04BNP升高就代表心衰吗

大量的临床研究证实, BNP是反映心功能受损的敏感指标。BNP在心肌缺血、坏死、损伤、心室壁张力及压力负荷过重等因素刺激下合成分泌释放, 具有利钠、排水和血管扩张作用。由于BNP的核酸序列中包含了不稳定的TATTTAT序列, 其mRNA的转换较快, 使BNP可以瞬间合成, 直接成比例地反映了心室的容量和压力负荷过重, 故能更敏感特异性地反映心室功能紊乱程度, 并与心力衰竭严重程度密切相关。[3]

但在临床上,BNP升高有多种临床意义,除了提示可能有心衰外,还可能说明患者存在肺栓塞、肾功能不全如休克、大失血、肾小管间质病变、尿路梗阻等情况,体重和年龄也会对BNP产生影响。因此当检查结果显示BNP升高之后不用太过害怕,配合医生做相应的诊断检查,早日查出病因,积极配合治疗。

表2:可能引起BNP升高的原因

05BNP在心衰诊断中的临床意义[1]

01针对急性心衰

使用BNP/NT-proBNP进行急性心衰的诊断和鉴别诊断是该项指标的主要临床应用之一。

排除急性心衰诊断采用的界值:BNP<100ng/L,阴性预测值90%;NT-proBNP<300ng/L,阴性预测值98%-99%。存在肾功能不全时,采用NT-proBNP<1200ng/L,阴性预测值94%。

诊断急性心衰的界值:BNP>500ng/L,阳性预测值90%;建议NT-proBNP根据年龄分层设定诊断界值,阳性预测值88%:50岁以下的成人NT-proBNP血浆浓度>450ng/L,50岁以上>900ng/L,75岁以上应>1800ng/L。

BNP/NT-proBNP检测值高于排除诊断值而低于诊断界值时,定义为灰区值,检测值落入该范围内时有心衰可能,尤其是舒张性心衰,但需考虑其他诊断的可能性,比如其他结构性心脏病、心房颤动、肺栓塞、肺动脉高压、败血症、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、卒中等,此时应仔细结合临床病史、体征及相关临床检查等判断。

如果临床上急性心衰诊断明确,此时也建议检测BNP/NT-proBNP用于疾病严重程度的评估。

02针对慢性心衰

与急性心衰不同,在慢性心衰的临床应用中,BNP/NT-proBNP用于排除心衰诊断价值更高。排除慢性心衰诊断的界值:BNP<35ng/L,NT-proBNP<125ng/L,阴性预测值高,在此范围内,心衰诊断的可能性非常小。如果高于上述诊断界值,则需进一步检查,结合临床诊断,并且需考虑到引起BNP/NT-proBNP升高的非心衰因素。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137765, encodeId=14a0213e765e9, content=太经典了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:21:50 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137764, encodeId=b83b213e7646d, content=总结太棒了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:15:01 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117120, encodeId=b52e211e12058, content=医学生又学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20358147836, createdName=ms7000000557315897, createdTime=Wed Mar 01 22:13:17 CST 2023, time=2023-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=广东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109617, encodeId=337c210961e91, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 07:13:39 CST 2023, time=2023-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109530, encodeId=635f21095306b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8098484805, createdName=ms4000000582627355, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 16:59:01 CST 2023, time=2023-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省)]
    2023-05-19 Doctoryangbai 来自吉林省

    太经典了

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137765, encodeId=14a0213e765e9, content=太经典了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:21:50 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137764, encodeId=b83b213e7646d, content=总结太棒了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:15:01 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117120, encodeId=b52e211e12058, content=医学生又学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20358147836, createdName=ms7000000557315897, createdTime=Wed Mar 01 22:13:17 CST 2023, time=2023-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=广东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109617, encodeId=337c210961e91, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 07:13:39 CST 2023, time=2023-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109530, encodeId=635f21095306b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8098484805, createdName=ms4000000582627355, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 16:59:01 CST 2023, time=2023-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省)]
    2023-05-19 Doctoryangbai 来自吉林省

    总结太棒了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137765, encodeId=14a0213e765e9, content=太经典了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:21:50 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137764, encodeId=b83b213e7646d, content=总结太棒了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:15:01 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117120, encodeId=b52e211e12058, content=医学生又学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20358147836, createdName=ms7000000557315897, createdTime=Wed Mar 01 22:13:17 CST 2023, time=2023-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=广东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109617, encodeId=337c210961e91, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 07:13:39 CST 2023, time=2023-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109530, encodeId=635f21095306b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8098484805, createdName=ms4000000582627355, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 16:59:01 CST 2023, time=2023-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省)]
    2023-03-01 ms7000000557315897 来自广东省

    医学生又学到了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137765, encodeId=14a0213e765e9, content=太经典了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:21:50 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137764, encodeId=b83b213e7646d, content=总结太棒了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:15:01 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117120, encodeId=b52e211e12058, content=医学生又学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20358147836, createdName=ms7000000557315897, createdTime=Wed Mar 01 22:13:17 CST 2023, time=2023-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=广东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109617, encodeId=337c210961e91, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 07:13:39 CST 2023, time=2023-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109530, encodeId=635f21095306b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8098484805, createdName=ms4000000582627355, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 16:59:01 CST 2023, time=2023-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省)]
    2023-01-10 ms6000000656440728 来自湖南省

    实用

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137765, encodeId=14a0213e765e9, content=太经典了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:21:50 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2137764, encodeId=b83b213e7646d, content=总结太棒了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Fri May 19 00:15:01 CST 2023, time=2023-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117120, encodeId=b52e211e12058, content=医学生又学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20358147836, createdName=ms7000000557315897, createdTime=Wed Mar 01 22:13:17 CST 2023, time=2023-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=广东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109617, encodeId=337c210961e91, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd8b5623723, createdName=ms6000000656440728, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 07:13:39 CST 2023, time=2023-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2109530, encodeId=635f21095306b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8098484805, createdName=ms4000000582627355, createdTime=Mon Jan 09 16:59:01 CST 2023, time=2023-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省)]
    2023-01-09 ms4000000582627355 来自辽宁省

    #Med#受益匪浅

    0

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