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去甲肾上腺素 or 多巴胺,心源性休克该怎么选?

2018-04-08 秦嘉治 医学界心血管频道

休克的病因不同,不同阶段的病理生理过程也十分复杂,治疗关键是纠正血流动力学紊乱;治疗的主要目标是改善组织器官的血流灌流,恢复细胞的功能与代谢。

休克的病因不同,不同阶段的病理生理过程也十分复杂,治疗关键是纠正血流动力学紊乱;治疗的主要目标是改善组织器官的血流灌流,恢复细胞的功能与代谢。

迄今为止,合理应用血管活性药物仍是休克的基础治疗之一。去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺均是儿茶酚胺类药物同时也是治疗休克的一线药物,但遇到心源性休克的患者,我们该如何合理得去选择呢?

去甲肾上腺素

去甲肾上腺素具有肾上腺素α受体强烈激动作用,引起血管极度收缩,血压升高;同时也激动β受体,而刺激心脏β1受体的作用轻微,对β2受体几乎无作用,与肾上腺素相比,其血管收缩效应突出,正性肌力效应较弱,并反射性地引起心率减慢。静脉给药后起效迅速,停止滴注后作用时效维持1~2min。

临床应用主要是其升压作用,用于严重低血压和周围血管阻力降低,对心排血量的影响取决于血管阻力的大小、左心室功能状态以及各种反射的强弱。

静脉输注时在0.1~1 ug/kg/min剂量范围内,能有效提升平均动脉压,剂量>1 ug/kg/min时,其导致炎症、心律不齐、心脏毒副作用变得突出和明显。

多巴胺

多巴胺属于儿茶酚胺类药物,是去甲肾上腺素前体,既可激动α受体和β受体,还可激动多巴胺受体,药理作用复杂。

药理作用是肾上腺素能受体激动效应和外周多巴胺受体激动效应,对心血管的作用呈剂量依赖性。

多巴胺静脉内应用,常用剂量2~20 ug/kg/min,小剂量(2~5 ug/kg/min) 时主要是多巴胺样激动剂作用,有轻度正性肌力和肾血管扩张用,中等剂量(5~10 ug/kg/min)主要兴奋β受体,正性肌力作用使心肌的收缩力加强及增加了心排血量,并收缩外周血管,从而既能维持血压水平,又能改善心脏功能。大剂量(10~20 ug/kg/min)使用时,α受体激动效应占主要地位,致体循环和内脏血管床动、静脉收缩,血压升高;减少内脏器官血流灌注使肾、肠系膜等血流量减少,引起恶心,呕吐,同时使心率加快,甚至引起心律失常[1]。

既往研究表明,心律失常的增加同使用多巴胺相关,多巴胺通过激活β1受体作用于心肌,同时可进一步升高心率,这些均可能为多巴胺导致心律失常事件多发的原因[2],而去甲肾上腺素则很少引起。

2010 年发表在新英格兰杂志上的一项研究结果表明,对于休克患者而言,使用多巴胺会比去甲肾上腺素发生更多的不良反应,特别是心房颤动等心律失常,而且病死率增加。

同时有研究表明,小剂量多巴胺并不能维护肾脏功能,也小能降低病死率。其机制研究显示,小剂量多巴胺导致肾脏血流重新分布,减少外髓血流,而外髓是代谢活跃区,血流减少容易引起缺血[3]。

越来越多的研究表明,临床常规使用剂量的去甲肾上腺素并小会损害肾功能,甚至可以改善肾功能,实验研究显示,去甲肾上腺素增加肾小球灌注压,提高肾小球滤过率,增加肾血流量[4]。

有学者提出,对于心源性休克,如果收缩压<90mmHg,可考虑使用多巴胺进行升压治疗。使用多巴胺时需根据血压水平从合适剂量开始,逐渐滴定直到维持患者正常范围内的收缩压,但因其对心脏的毒副作用,多巴胺剂量不宜超过10 ug/kg/min。如果需要长时间大剂量使用多巴胺,则应考虑使用去甲肾上腺素替代。

总体说来,综合目前已有的临床研究结果,有几点或许是共知的:

1.多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素抗休克的总体死亡率无显着差异。

2.多巴胺治疗中可能导致更多的不良反应,尤其是心房颤动。

有研究已经对现行美国心脏病学会/美国心脏学会(ACC/AHA)指南中以多巴胺作为急性心肌梗死心源性休克低血压患者的首选升压药提出了强烈质疑,将会在一定程度上影响多巴胺作为一线抗休克药物的临床应用。因此去甲肾上腺素在治疗心源性休克疾病临床上值得推广应用。

注:

α1受体主要分布在血管平滑肌(如皮肤、粘膜血管,以及部分内脏血管),激动时引起血管收缩;α1受体也分布于瞳孔开大肌,激动时瞳孔开大肌收缩,瞳孔扩大;

α2受体主要分布在去甲肾上腺素能神经的突触前膜上,受体激动时可使去甲肾上腺素释放减少,对其产生负反馈调节作用。

β1受体主要分布于心脏,可增加心肌收缩性,自律性和传导功能。还分布在瞳孔开大肌,起扩瞳作用;

β2受体主要分布于支气管平滑肌,血管平滑肌和心肌等,介导支气管平滑肌松弛,血管扩张等作用;

β3受体主要分布于白色及棕色脂肪组织,调节能量代谢,介导心脏负性肌力及血管平滑肌舒张作用。

原始出处:

1. 邱恒霞, 林海龙, 顾宇, 等. 多巴胺与去甲肾上腺素治疗冠心病心源性休克患者的对比研究[J]. 中国现代药物应用, 2013, 7(22): 139-140.

2. Overgaard CR, Dzavik V. Tnotropes and asopressors: review of physiology and clinical use in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 2008, 118 (10):1047-1056.

3. Debaveye Y A,Vanden Rerghe GH. Is there still a place for dopamine in the modem intensive care unit, Anesth Analy. 2004,98(2): 461-468.

4. Albanese J, Leone M, et al. Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomised study. 2005, 33(9):1897-1902.

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    2018-04-10 mhm295
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    2018-04-09 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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