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Am Clin Nutrition:高蛋白低血糖指数饮食可减轻肥胖孕妇的妊娠期体重增加

2022-03-16 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

孕妇怀孕期是需要加强营养的特殊生理时期,因为胎儿生长发育所需的所有营养素均来自母体,孕妇本身需要为分娩和分泌乳汁储备营养素,营养过剩的孕妇越来越多。

      超重或肥胖的孕妇有更大的风险患上与妊娠和分娩有关的严重并发症的风险,为了防止早产和胎龄小的婴儿,美国医学研究所(IOM)建议在怀孕前体重超标的妇女限制她们的妊娠期体重增加(GWG)不超过9公斤。妊娠期体重增长超过这个限度会增加巨婴的风险和一些妊娠并发症,包括自发性早产。但是有研究显示在怀孕期间,58%的孕前肥胖妇女体重增加超过9公斤,其中22%的人体重增加≥16公斤。过多的GWG也是婴儿期和儿童期肥胖的一个预测因素。在所有育龄妇女中,大约有一半人患有超重或肥胖,因此必须尽可能预防过量的GWG。除了孕期GWG过高会造成风险外,与母亲饮食有关的因素,包括蛋白质消耗量不理想和蛋白质与碳水化合物比例过低,都与GWG增加、胎儿发育不良有关。本项研究旨在探究高蛋白低血糖指数 (HPLGI) 饮食对肥胖孕妇的 GWG、出生体重和妊娠并发症风险的影响。

 

      共有 279 名孕前超重或肥胖的女性(BMI:28-45 kg/m2)被纳入本项研究,年龄在 18 至 45 岁之间,所有孕妇均被随机分配到 2 种随意饮食中的 1 种:高蛋白低升糖指数饮食(HPLGI:25%–28% 的能量来自蛋白质,升糖指数≤55)和中等蛋白的中等升糖指数饮食(MPMGI:15%–18% 的能量来自蛋白质和血糖指数~60)。从妊娠第 15 周和整个妊娠期开始接受饮食干预。参与者接受临床营养师的饮食指导9次,以促进本项研究的依从性。

 

      研究结果显示:在随机分配到 HPLGI 和 MPMGI 饮食的 141 名和 138 名女性中,分别有 105 名和 104 名完成了干预(75%)。在可用的病例分析中,分配 MPLGI 饮食的女性的 GWG 为 6.8 ± 1.3 kg,与GWG组相比显着降低 -1.7 kg(95% CI:-2.8,-0.5 kg;P = 0.004)。饮食对主要新生儿结局(出生体重和其他人体测量指标)没有显着差异。HPLGI 的复合妊娠并发症发生率低于 MPMGI 饮食组( 35.4% VS 53.7%;P = 0.009),包括剖宫产( 15.4% VS 28.8%;P= 0.03), 流产发生率(1%–2%)在各组之间没有差异。

图:孕妇体重增加指数

 

      本项研究结果证实在怀孕的最后 2 个三个月期间,膳食蛋白质的适度增加以及血糖指数的降低降低了超重或肥胖妇女的 GWG,并限制了并发症和剖宫产的风险。

 

 

原始出处:

Nina R W Geiker. Et al. A high-protein low–glycemic index diet attenuates gestational weight gain in pregnant women with obesity: the “An optimized programming of healthy children” (APPROACH) randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2022.

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    2022-03-18 海豹

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