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LANCET:男性生殖器移植手术在南非取得成功,全部功能已恢复

2017-08-30 JS DeepTech深科技

随着免疫抑制剂的发展,免疫排斥反应可以被抑制,肝、心脏等攸关生死的器官移植成为常谈,而生殖器移植却始终难以走入大家的视野。


图片来源: bigthink.com

随着免疫抑制剂的发展,免疫排斥反应可以被抑制,肝、心脏等攸关生死的器官移植成为常谈,而生殖器移植却始终难以走入大家的视野。

8月17日,来自南非及美国的研究团队联合在世界顶级医学杂志《柳叶刀》上发表文章,对南非首例阴茎移植手术细节及术后的状况进行了报道和评估,24个月后该患者术后生活质量评分显著提高,最大尿流速(16.3 mL/s)和国际勃起功能指数(IIEF)均处于正常水平,这两项重要指标说明移植的阴茎具有正常的生理功能。术后三个月,患者已经开始有规律的性生活,其妻子也成功怀孕。术后24个月内患者未见严重并发症。



寻求阴茎移植的患者其实并没有大家预想的那么少。拿美国为例,自伊拉克和阿富汗归来的士兵有1500人以上在等待阴茎移植。这些士兵面临着心理和生理的双重打击,很多人因此在如花的年纪选择了结束了生命,其中的自杀率高达到25%-50%。

不过,目前全世界最需要阴茎移植的地方是南非。而荼毒南非年轻人的正是根深蒂固的传统——割礼,即将男孩阴茎上的包皮局部或者全部割掉。在南非的部分地区,割礼被认为是从男孩到男人的必经之路。整个过程中没有任何麻醉措施,甚至使用的器具就是铁片或是菜刀,更不要说是否有消毒过程了,因此常伴随着坏疽等并发症的发生,每年都有数百个男孩因此致残或是丧命,而今天的这名患者就是其中的一位。


一些非洲儿童在幼年就要经受残忍的割礼

传统的阴茎重建只是从患者腿、手臂上选取皮肤或者肌肉,做成管状并连接血管——这就像模特假人一样空有其表,最终器官不具有任何的生理功能。更重要的是,真正的尿道有一种特殊的黏膜可以抵御例如排尿、射精等类似活动带来的潮湿环境,而普通的皮肤显然不具备这个功能。

而这次手术移植的是真实并具备功能的阴茎!


图丨André van der Merwe教授

手术团队来自南非斯坦陵布什大学(Stellenbosch University)和开普敦泰吉堡医院(Tygerberg Hospital),由斯坦陵布什大学André van der Merwe教授领衔。他们对招募的受试者进行筛选和评估,包括生理(阴茎残余长度)及心理特征(心理适应性)。他们最终选定一名21岁的患者,其在三年前接受割礼后只保留了1cm的原始阴茎。该患者在2014年12月接受阴茎(供体来自一名36岁的脑死亡患者)移植手术。


图丨斯坦陵布什大学André van der Merwe教授和他的团队在2017年4月21日进行了该团队的第二例阴茎移植手术

在器官移植手术中,存在一个热缺血的阶段。热缺血是指从器官捐献者心脏停跳,到将器官切取下来,进行冷灌注(冷保存)开始的这段时间。这一期间对器官的损害最为严重,一般不能超过10分钟,各器官对热缺血时间耐受程度不同,超过一定时间就无法移植。

相应的,器官在低温时保存的缺血阶段则为冷缺血,低温下器官的新陈代谢明显降低、氧耗量减少,可增加器官对缺血的耐受性。器官保存的过程基本上是冷缺血的过程,缺血时间越长,器官的质量及器官接受者的预后越差。

此次的阴茎移植手术过程中,热缺血时间为4分钟,冷缺血时间为16小时。研究者将供体阴茎与受者阴茎残端进行吻合,手术全程进行了9小时。手术后8小时预防动脉栓塞,一周内处理感染性血肿及坏死皮肤,并伴随免疫抑制剂治疗。

在手术进行后的第3个星期,患者首次勃起。术后一个月,患者出院。术后5个星期后,患者报告有了第一次满意的性生活(尽管医生并不建议如此早的进行性交)。术后三个月,患者已经开始有规律的性生活。另外,从术后一星期到术后三个月,患者每天服用5mg他达拉非用于阴茎功能恢复。


图丨阴茎移植手术概述

令人惊喜的是,术后6个月,患者妻子成功怀孕3个月,这意味着移植的阴茎具有正常的生理功能,且在随后的24个月的反馈跟踪中,其生活质量及心理评分均有显著提升,并未见严重并发症。

但即使手术成功,患者也需要付出巨大的代价。由于异体移植无法避免的免疫排斥反应,接受移植的患者可能要终生与免疫抑制类药物相随,这类药物对肾脏具有很大的伤害,甚至可能诱发癌症。

还有一件遗憾的事情是,尽管这名患者的妻子成功怀孕,但是最终却产下了一名死婴,由于研究报告中并未提及精液检查(精子源于睾丸,此次移植只涉及阴茎部分),我们无法获知婴儿的具体死亡原因,这有可能是与当地卫生问题有关,也可能是其他原因造成的。

不过,本次移植手术并不是世界上第一例阴茎移植手术。早在十年前(2006年),中国便已成功完成全球首例阴茎移植手术。该手术由广州军区广州总医院胡卫列教授领导完成。但是,因术后妻子和患者产生严重的心理反应,坚决改变术前决定,要求摘除移植阴茎。多次解释和心理干预无效,患者于术后第14天将移植阴茎摘除。因此,那次移植手术只能被认为是技术上的成功。

但是,一旦有了前人,当然不会缺后来者,2016年5月,一名因阴茎癌接受切除手术的患者在波士顿完成了美国首例阴茎移植手术。与之前的讳莫如深相比,这名叫做Thomas Manning的患者表现的积极乐观,且愿意将他的故事分享给大家。“从此我将打开生活的新篇章,我也希望有相同困扰的朋友可以通过移植手术走入更明亮而美好的未来。”


图丨美国首位接受阴茎移植手术的患者Thomas Manning

值得一提的是,涉及生殖器移植的信息往往非常隐晦,因此供体及受体的信息我们不得而知,在中国和南非的这两个案例中,供体均来自脑死亡患者(这也是当前其他非再生器官移植的主要来源)。

到目前为止,制约阴茎移植手术的因素还很多,例如供体来源缺乏、对显微外科再吻合和重建技术的极高要求、如何防治术后排斥反应。而在此类手术中,相对于技术和免疫排斥反应的克服,有时候伦理却成了一个大问题。移植一只眼或者是移植一颗心脏,世人都很容易接受,但带着别人的丁丁,总是感觉哪里怪怪的。

也就是说,相比伦理,手术的技术要求只是成功的一小部分。需要所有人正视的问题是,和其他的器官移植一样,阴茎移植也有着广大的市场,不同的是,由于阴茎移植并不直接关系生死,以及话题的敏感度,大家往往都是讳莫如深,置若罔闻。

生殖器移植是一个严肃而又沉重的话题。并不是所有的伤害都一定伴随着呼喊,一群人正在角落里无声的哭泣,无论术前或是术后,患者需要的更多是理解和认同。也许此时仍旧有很多人会认为这种话题难登大雅之堂,但请用平常的眼光看待阴茎移植。与眼睛、耳朵一样,生殖器也只是人体器官的一种,和其他器官并没有本质的区别。

原始出处:

André van der Merwe, Frank Graewe,  Alexander Zühlke,et al.Penile allotransplantation for penis amputation following ritual circumcision: a case report with 24 months of follow-up.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31807-X

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    2017-12-28 howi
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    2017-09-01 hongbochen
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    2017-08-31 189****7206

    学习了谢谢分享

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